Info<< "Reading field U\n" << endl;
    volVectorField U
    (
        IOobject
        (
            "U",
            runTime.timeName(),
            mesh,
            IOobject::MUST_READ,
            IOobject::AUTO_WRITE
        ),
        mesh
    );

    volTensorField gradU = fvc::grad(U);

    volSymmTensorField epsilon
    (
        IOobject
        (
            "epsilon",
            runTime.timeName(),
            mesh,
            IOobject::READ_IF_PRESENT,
            IOobject::AUTO_WRITE
        ),
        mesh,
        dimensionedSymmTensor("zero", dimless, symmTensor::zero)
    );

    Info<< "Reading field T\n" << endl;
    volScalarField T
    (
        IOobject
        (
            "T",
            runTime.timeName(),
            mesh,
            IOobject::MUST_READ,
            IOobject::AUTO_WRITE
        ),
        mesh
    );

    volSymmTensorField sigma
    (
        IOobject
        (
            "sigma",
            runTime.timeName(),
            mesh,
            IOobject::READ_IF_PRESENT,
            IOobject::AUTO_WRITE
        ),
        mesh,
        dimensionedSymmTensor("zero", dimForce/dimArea, symmTensor::zero)
    );

    volVectorField sigmaExp
    (
        IOobject
        (
            "sigmaExp",
            runTime.timeName(),
            mesh,
            IOobject::NO_READ,
            IOobject::NO_WRITE
        ),
        mesh,
        dimensionedVector("zero", dimensionSet(1,-2,-2,0,0,0,0), vector::zero)
    );

//- mechanical properties
    rheologyModel rheology(sigma);

    volScalarField rho = rheology.rho();

    volScalarField mu = rheology.mu();
    volScalarField lambda = rheology.lambda();
    surfaceScalarField muf = fvc::interpolate(mu, "mu");
    surfaceScalarField lambdaf = fvc::interpolate(lambda, "lambda");

    surfaceVectorField n = mesh.Sf()/mesh.magSf();


//- thermal properties
Info<< "Reading thermal properties\n" << endl;
thermalModel thermal(T);

volScalarField C = thermal.C();
volScalarField k = thermal.k();
volScalarField threeKalpha = (3*lambda + 2*mu)*thermal.alpha();
volScalarField T0 = thermal.T0();
volScalarField rhoC = rho*C;